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Seawater desalination in Australia
Seawater desalination in Australia is the desalination of, or removal of salt from, seawater in Australia.
== Background ==
Until a few decades ago, Australia met its demands for water by drawing freshwater from dams and water catchments. However, during 2000-2010 a significant lack of rainfall drained water reservoirs.〔El Saliby, I., Y. Okour, et al. (2009). "Desalination plants in Australia, review and facts." Desalination 247(1-3): 1-14.〕 The most affected cities were the capitals, where there is high uncertainty in water supply and demand. In 2007, Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, experienced a dramatic drop of its main dam Warragamba, where water levels dropped to 33% of normal.
Australia’s first desalination plant was constructed in 1903 to treat saline groundwater in the gold fields of Western Australia at Kalgoorlie.〔Heath, J. "The Water Supply in Hearth Australia." July 2007 Web. 28 April 2010 〕 Several desalination plants were built in Australia between 1960 and 1980, especially following the revolution in membrane technology that made reverse osmosis economically viable, but vapor-compression desalination and multi-stage flash distillation plants were also built. By 2002, however, only two reverse osmosis desalination plants were still operating, one on Kangaroo Island and the other on Rottnest Island.〔 Seawater reverse osmosis is the only type of desalination technology currently used for large-scale desalination plants in Australia, the most important of these plants being located in Perth and Sydney.〔
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